University of Liverpool

Not to be confused with Liverpool John Moores University or Liverpool Hope University.
University of Liverpool
Motto Latin: Haec otia studia fovent
Motto in English "These days of peace foster learning"
Established 1903 - University of Liverpool[1]
1884 - gained University Status as part of Victoria University [1]
1881 - University College Liverpool[2]
Type Public
Endowment £110 million[3]
Chancellor Sir David King
Vice-Chancellor Sir Howard Newby
Visitor The Lord President of the Council ex officio
Students 20,655[4]
Undergraduates 16,805[4]
Postgraduates 3,860[4]
Location Liverpool, England, UK
Campus Urban
Affiliations Russell Group, EUA, N8 Group, NWUA
Website www.liv.ac.uk

The University of Liverpool is a teaching and research university in the city of Liverpool, England. It is a member of the Russell Group of large research-intensive universities and the N8 Group for research collaboration; and founded in 1881 (as a University College) it is also one of the six original "red brick" civic universities. The university has produced eight Nobel Prize winners and offers more than 230 first degree courses across 103 subjects. It has an annual turnover of £340 million, including £123 million for research.[5]

Contents

History

"Red brick" Victoria Building

The University was established in 1881 as University College Liverpool, admitting its first students in 1882.[2] In 1884, it became part of the federal Victoria University. In 1894 Oliver Lodge, a professor at the University, made the world's first public radio transmission and two years later took the first surgical X-ray in the United Kingdom.[6] The Liverpool University Press was founded in 1899, making it the third oldest university press in England.

Following a Royal Charter and Act of Parliament in 1903, it became an independent university with the right to confer its own degrees called the University of Liverpool. The next few years saw major developments at the university, including Sir Charles Sherrington's discovery of the synapse and Professor William Blair-Bell's work on chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer. In the 1930s to 1940s Professors Sir James Chadwick and Sir Joseph Rotblat made major contributions to the development of the atomic bomb.[7] From 1943 - 1966 Allan Downie, Professor of Bacteriology, was involved in the eradication of smallpox.

In 1994 the university was a founding member of the Russell Group, a collaboration of twenty leading research-intensive universities, as well as a founding member of the N8 Group in 2004. In the 21st Century physicists, engineers and technicians from the University of Liverpool were involved in the construction of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, working on two of the four detectors in the LHC.[8]

The University has produced eight Nobel Prize winners, from the fields of science, medicine and peace. The Nobel laureates include the physician Sir Ronald Ross, physicist Professor Charles Barkla, the physiologist Sir Charles Sherrington, physicist Sir James Chadwick, chemist Sir Robert Robinson, physiologist Professor Har Gobind Khorana, physiologist Professor Rodney Porter, and physicist Professor Joseph Rotblat. Sir Ronald Ross was also the first British Nobel laureate in 1902.

The term "red brick" was first coined by Liverpool professor Edgar Allison Peers (writing as Bruce Truscot) to describe the red brick built civic universities that were built in the UK, mostly in the latter part of the 19th century; these were characterised by Victorian buildings of red brick, such as Victoria Building, which was historically the administrative heart of the University.

Present

University of Liverpool

Liverpool has the sixth largest financial endowment of any UK university, valued at £110m, according to the Sutton Trust.[3] It is a member of the Russell Group of Universities and a founding member of the Northern Consortium. The University has over 23,000 registered students, with almost 18,000 full-time registered students. The University has a broad range of teaching and research in both arts and sciences, and has a large medical school, which is associated with the neighbouring Royal Liverpool University Hospital. In September 2008, Sir Howard Newby took up the post of Vice-Chancellor of the University, following the retirement of Sir James Drummond Bone.

The University has a Students' union to represent students' interests, known as the Liverpool Guild of Students.

It should be noted that whilst Liverpool has a total of five universities, the colloquial term Liverpool University commonly refers to the University of Liverpool rather than either of the other three, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool John Moores University, Edge Hill University, or LIPA.

Campus and facilities

The University is mainly based around a single urban campus approximately five minutes walk from Liverpool City Centre, at the top of Brownlow Hill and Mount Pleasant. The main site is divided into three faculties: Health and Life Sciences; Humanities and Social Sciences; and Science and Engineering. The Veterinary Teaching Hospital (Leahurst) and Ness Botanical Gardens are based on the Wirral Peninsula. There was formerly a research station at Port Erin on the Isle of Man until it closed in 2006. The Johnston Laboratories, a pathology research facility of repute during much of the 20th century, is now the biochemistry department of the university.

Harold Cohen Library

The Harold Cohen Library is the main library for science, engineering and medical, dental and veterinary sciences. It also contains eight computer centres as well as the Wolfson training suite.

Sydney Jones Library

The Sydney Jones Library is the main library for arts and humanities in the University of Liverpool. The library is housed in two buildings, the Grove Wing and the Abercromby Wing (formerly Senate House). The Grove Wing contains the majority of the collection and the special collections. The Abercromby Wing contains the Law Library, the library offices, computer services and the main Service Desk. The two buildings are linked by the Link Building which has the information support desks.

Sydney Jones Library

Liverpool Medical School

Liverpool Medical School was ranked as the ninth best medical school in the United Kingdom by The Times Good University Guide 2008.[9] One of the key features of the medical programme is Problem-based learning (PBL). This is an educational process that encourages students, working in small groups, to learn through curiosity and to seek out information for themselves. Students have the opportunity to link basic medical science with clinical practice early in the programme, thereby stimulating and maintaining their interest instead of overwhelming it with facts. Other features of the programme include introduction to clinical and communication skills training, a greater emphasis on learning medicine in the community and early patient contact. However, a recent study published on the pass rates of medical school graduates in MRCP postgraduate exams has shown Liverpool graduates to be the least likely to pass amongst all other UK medical schools, even after controlling for pre-admission variability of medical school entrants.[10] The Medical School offers a five-year undergraduate course, and a four-graduate entry course. The Medical School also has one of the oldest student societies - Liverpool Medical Students' Society. LMSS in fact pre-dates the University in its conception from when simply a teaching hospital existed around which the University was built.[11] As of 2008 the medical school accepts some 268 home students per year and a further 24 from overseas making it one of the larger medical schools in the UK [12]. The medical school also hosts the most successful medical school hockey team in recent history (LMSHC) as it is the only team to have won back-to-back NAMS tournament titles (2008–09) and Cannock titles (2007–2008). Of particular note is the season of 2008/09 where they dominated all domestic leagues and trophies.

Liverpool Dental School

The Liverpool Dental School, based at the Liverpool Dental Hospital, is one of the top dental schools in the UK. The Liverpool Dental Programme is based on a Problem-based learning(PBL) system, where small groups of students are given a medical case, and through research are encouraged to learn about the causes and treatments for themselves. The Dental school now hosts the best Operation Techniques suite (Phantom Head) in the world, until a similar suite based on its design, but twice its size, is finished in the USA.

The Dental School offers a five-year undergraduate course, and recently the number of dental students at the University has increased due to the introduction of a new graduate entry fast track four-year course. Liverpool Dental School is a member of the Dental Schools Council.

School of Veterinary Science

The first veterinary school in the UK to be incorporated into a university, the Faculty's treatment and research facilities on the main campus and at Leahurst on the Wirral Peninsula, approximately 12 miles outside Liverpool, are amongst the most advanced and innovative in the country. There are three main teaching hospitals:

The Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital is one of the busiest and most successful equine hospitals in the UK, with particular expertise in the areas of gastroenterology, oncology, orthopaedics and neurology. The University's Veterinary Development Campaign is currently in the midst of fund raising to support the installation of the first veterinary MRI Unit in the North of England and a new Radiotherapy Unit.

The Small Animal Teaching Hospital moved to its new home in April 2007: a brand new, state of the art £9.6 million facility at Leahurst. This is the most modern, well-equipped hospital for small animals in the UK. Facilities include MRI and CT scanning, the Johnson Foundation radiotherapy treatment unit, an operating theatre dedicated to key-hole surgery, and the Hill's Pet Mobility Centre.

The Farm Animal Hospital takes cases from throughout NW England and North Wales for detailed investigation and intensive care treatment.

In 2006 the faculty was voted no. 1 UK vet school in The Times Good University Guide 2006, awarded 24/24 by the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education and in 2005 was cited as "the University with the most satisfied students" by the British Veterinary Association and the Association of Veterinary Students.

Liverpool Management School

Although business and management studies have been a key part of the University of Liverpool’s provision since the early 1900s, the University of Liverpool Management School (ULMS) was only established in 2002.

ULMS was formed as a result of the merger of existing departments, institutes and units from across the University. Five divisions were formed within the ULMS which represent the following subject areas: Accounting and Finance, e-Business and Operations Management, Economics, Management and Marketing and International Business. ULMS has developed rapidly since it was opened in 2002. ULMS offers a number of general management and specialist degrees at an undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral level.

ULMS has 67 members of academic staff including 17 Professors, 2 Readers, 9 Senior Lecturers and 39 Lecturers. 58% of ULMS staff have an international background; countries represented by ULMS faculty include Canada, Pakistan, Chile, China, Cyprus, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Germany, Greece, India, Iran, Ireland, Mexico, Nigeria, Ukraine, United Kingdom and the United States of America.[13]. The University of Liverpool Management School

School of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology

The School of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology (also known as the SACE) is an internationally recognised centre for research in Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology with 40 members of staff and over 100 postgraduates working on over 15 research projects around the world, and thus a premier research center within the University of Liverpool. The Department has pioneered the study of the ancient world since 1881, developing unique facilities, such as a museum, libraries and laboratories.There are many separate and joint degree programmes offered by the School in Ancient History, Archaeology, Classics, Egyptology and Evolutionary Anthropology, consistently rank among the top ten in the UK. The School has also been internationally recognised in its expertise, ranging from ancient languages to human evolution, creating a lively culture based around interdisciplinary debate and active research. The School is also a recognised centre for teaching excellence, being home to the UK Subject Centre for Archaeology and Classics and the University's first National Teaching Fellow.

School of Biosciences

The School of Biological Sciences was formed in August 1996 from the former departments of Biochemistry, Environmental & Evolutionary Biology, and Genetics & Microbiology.[14] The new Biosciences building cost £28.5M to build, that has multi-user laboratories for 320 researchers with cutting edge core facilities in Cell Imaging, Microarrays and Genomics, Functional Proteomics, Biological NMR, Computational & Bioinformatics Facilities, and Transgenic Plant Growth.[15] It houses 65 senior academics plus another 150 mostly research staff, including two fellows of the Royal Society and several fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences. Research in the School is focused into 3 Divisions (Cellular Regulation and Signalling; Integrative Biology; Population and Evolutionary Biology), each with professorial leadership and further divided into specialised or interdisciplinary research groups.

Faculty of Engineering

Engineering Building

The Faculty of Engineering includes the School of Engineering and the School of Electrical Engineering .The schools offer a wide variety of courses, including Civil, Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering, Avionics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering and variants of these, including foundation year courses. The University has recently started offering courses in Aerospace Engineering and Pilot studies.This course gives students the opportunity to acquire significant flying time(for Pilot's licence), while undertaking an Aerospace Engineering degree programme. Students obtaining AAB - AAA A level grades (in relevant A levels) are eligible for scholarships.

Most of the faculty's subject areas rank within the Top 10 in the UK.[16] The faculty's Mechanical, Aeronautical and Manufacturing research submission obtained a maximum 5* grading in the most recent research assessment.[16] The Times "Good University" guide places the Mechanical Engineering course third nationally.[17] The department boasts two flight simulators, one of a very few departments to have one in the UK.

£36m has been spent on refurbishing the department, completed in September 2008.[18] This included the construction of an active learning laboratory which is one of the largest and best equipped laboratories in Europe.[19] Pupils enrolled on the 4 year Aerospace MEng Programme, have the opportunity to spend their third year at one of America's leading engineering Schools, at the University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign).

The Liverpool Engineers Student Society (LESS), of the Department of Engineering and ESHOCK, of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, organise social events for engineering students from their respective departments.

English Language Unit

The English Language Unit (also known as the ELU) is a department within the School of the Arts, specialising in language teaching and learning. It offers language support for registered international students, visiting fellows and international staff members. It also helps to provide a range of postgraduate courses and research opportunities for language teachers, including a well-respected CELTA course.

Centre for Manx Studies

The Centre for Manx Studies, located in Douglas, Isle of Man, is also affiliated to the University.

University accommodation

University Halls

The two main university accommodation complexes are both located in the Mossley Hill district of Liverpool. These both belong to the University, and include the Greenbank and Carnatic complexes. The Greenbank Halls include Derby and Rathbone Hall and Roscoe and Gladstone Hall (commonly known as D&R and R&G respectively). Carnatic Halls is the largest of the University of Liverpool accommodation complexes including 6 halls: Morton House, Lady Mountford House, Dale Hall, McNair Hall, Salisbury Hall and Rankin Hall. Both sites include a range of catered and self-catered accommodation.

Within the main campus, there are three accommodation sites: Mulberry Court, Philharmonic Court and Melville Grove. Mulberry Court is situated between Oxford Street, Mulberry Street, and Mount Pleasant. Melville Grove is on Grove Street and Philharmonic on Catharine Street. These are self-catering halls situated roughly three minutes walk from the Guild of Students, and ten minutes from the city centre. Melville Grove typically accommodates postgraduate students, though undergraduates may also apply for accommodation there. Philharmonic has halls for first year students and flats for postgraduate students with families.

All student rooms in halls have Internet access provided by ResNet which is run by Computing Services. This wired service allows fast downloading, inter/outer hall computer game play and the new addition of FreeWire, offering television via the internet.

Guild of Students

Liverpool Guild of Students

Liverpool Guild of Students is the centre point of activity in student life. It is one of the largest Students' Union buildings in England. The Guild often features live acts, demonstrations and tours such as the NME Tour.[20] This has been emphasised by Liverpool's Echo Arena hosting the MTV Music awards, attracting the MTV tour with artists such as Dizzee Rascal, Goldfrapp and Pendulum having played at the Guild in 2008. The Guild also offers a selection of student help activities, and it campaigns to aid students in personal or financial crisis. In addition to this, the Guild is also the host for student media projects. These include internet based Icon Radio run by students and a filmmakers' hub to promote the university. The Guild operates LSMedia, an online newspaper and magazine which replaced the magazine "Sphinx" in 2008.

Academic reputation

In the Complete University Guide 2008, published in The Independent, the University of Liverpool was ranked 42nd out of 113, based on nine measures,[21] while The Times Good University Guide 2008 ranked Liverpool 34th out of 113 universities.[22] The Sunday Times university guide recently ranked the University of Liverpool 27th out of 123.[23] In 2010, "The Sunday Times has ranked University of Liverpool 29th [1] of 122 institutions nationwide. In 2008 the QS World University Rankings rated University of Liverpool 99th best in the world, and 137th Best worldwide in 2009 [2]

UK University Rankings
2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
Times Good University Guide 28th[24] 28th[25] 39th[26] 41st 41st=[27] 42nd[28] 38th 37th= 40th 40th 38th=[29] 32nd 38th 24th= 22nd= 28th= 19th=
Guardian University Guide 44th[30] 36th[31] 47th 47th[32] 45th[33] 43rd[34] 37th[35]
Sunday Times University Guide 30th[36] 27th[37] 31st[38] 29th[38] 36th[39] 31st[39]= 33rd[39] 31st[39] 34th[39] 32nd[39] 29th[39]=
Daily Telegraph 41st[40] 33rd
The Independent / Complete 42nd[41] 41st[41]
The Financial Times 35th[42] 32nd[43] 36th[44] 36th[45]

Green issues

In 2008 the University of Liverpool was voted joint seventeenth greenest university in Britain by WWF supported company Green League[46]. This represents an improvement after finishing 55th in the league table the previous year.[47].

The position of the university is determined by point allocation in departments such as Transport, Waste management, sustainable procurement and Emissions amongst other categories; these are then transpired into various awards[48]. Liverpool was awarded the highest achievement possible in Environmental policy, Environmental staff, Environmental audit, Fair trade status, Ethical investment policy and Waste recycled whilst also scoring points in Carbon emissions, Water recycle and Energy source. It is Liverpool’s growing ambition to encourage students and staff to proclaim itself as an environmentally friendly university.

Liverpool has led the way amongst UK universities with desktop computer power management; they were the first to develop their own power management solution, which has been widely adopted by other institutions.[49] The university has subsequently piloted other advanced software approaches further increasing savings.[50] The university has also been at the forefront of using the Condor HTC computing platform in a power saving environment. This software, which is makes use of unused computer time for computationally intensive tasks usually results in computers being left turned on. The university[51] has demonstrated an effective solution for this problem using a mixture of Wake-on-LAN and commercial power management software[52].

Sport

Sports Centre

The University of Liverpool has a proud sporting tradition and has many premier teams in a variety of sports. The current sporting project comes under the title of Club Liverpool. This athletic union offers nearly 50 types of sport ranging from football, rugby and cricket to others such as windsurfing, lacrosse and cheerleading. Many of the sports have both male and female teams and most are involved in competition on a national scale. BUCS[53] is the body which organises national university competitions involving 154 institutions in 47 sports. Most sports involve travelling to various locations across the country, mainly on Wednesday afternoons.

Two other prominent competitions are the Christie Championships[54] and the Varsity Cup. The Christie Cup is an inter-university competition between Liverpool, Leeds and Manchester. The Varsity Cup is a popular "derby" event between Liverpool John Moores University and the University of Liverpool.

Notable alumni

Nobel Prize winners

Overall there have been eight Nobel Prize Laureates who have been based at the University during a significant point in their career.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/localact2004/ukla_20040004_en_1
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "History of the University". University of Liverpool. 27 March 2007. http://www.liv.ac.uk/about/history/. Retrieved 10 September 2007. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "University Fundraising - an Update" (PDF). The Sutton Trust. December 2006. http://www.suttontrust.com/reports/UniversityFundraisingDec06.pdf. Retrieved 22 November 2007. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Table 0a - All students by institution, mode of study, level of study, gender and domicile 2006/07" (Microsoft Excel spreadsheet). Higher Education Statistics Agency. http://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/dataTables/studentsAndQualifiers/download/institution0607.xls. Retrieved 10 April 2008. 
  5. ↑ http://www.liv.ac.uk/about/. Accessed September 25, 2009
  6. ↑ http://www.liv.ac.uk/about/history.htm. Accessed May 12, 2009
  7. ↑ http://www.liv.ac.uk/about/history.htm
  8. ↑ http://www.liv.ac.uk/news/press_releases/2008/09/CERN.htm. Accessed May 12, 2009
  9. ↑ "University Rankings League Table: Medicine". The Times Good University Guide (London: The Times). 16 August 2007. http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/gug/gooduniversityguide.php?subject=MEDICINE. Retrieved 9 September 2007. 
  10. ↑ 1741-7015-6-5.fm
  11. ↑ Your University (Student Guide) Page 27
  12. ↑ "www.study-medicine.co.uk British Medical School Statistics". Study-medicine.co.uk. http://www.study-medicine.co.uk/index.php?pageid=stats. Retrieved 8 September 2008. 
  13. ↑ ULMS Official Website 'http://www.liv.ac.uk/managementschool/about_us/facts_figures.htm'
  14. ↑ "About the School of Biological Sciences". University of Liverpool. 2006. http://www.liv.ac.uk/bio/about/index.html. Retrieved 20 November 2008. 
  15. ↑ "Research in Biological Sciences". University of Liverpool. 2007. http://www.http://www.liv.ac.uk/info/portal/pls/portal/tulwwwmerge.mergepage?p_template=rae_res_bs&p_tulipproc=raeres&p_params=%3Fp_func%3DD%26p_param%3DBS%26p_template%3Drae_res_bs. Retrieved 20 November 2008. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 7
  17. ↑ Times Online
  18. ↑ Future development
  19. ↑ Active learning laboratory
  20. ↑ http://www.nme.com/news/nme/35032
  21. ↑ The Independent newspaper, April 24, 2008
  22. ↑ The Times: http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/gug/gooduniversityguide.php
  23. ↑ The Times: http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/stug/universityguide.php. 23/05/2008
  24. ↑ "The Times Good University Guide 2009". The Times (London). http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/tol_gug/gooduniversityguide.php. Retrieved 20 June 2008. 
  25. ↑ "The Times Good University Guide 2008". The Times (London). http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/gug/gooduniversityguide.php. Retrieved 2007-11-03. 
  26. ↑ "The Times Good University Guide 2007 - Top Universities 2007 League Table". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/displayPopup/0,,102571,00.html. Retrieved 2007-11-03. 
  27. ↑ "The Times Top Universities". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/displayPopup/0,,32607,00.html. Retrieved 2007-11-03. 
  28. ↑ "The Daily Telegraph Table of Tables". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/graphics/2003/06/27/unibigpic.jpg;jsessionid=TGNWKTF3UJNBNQFIQMGCFFOAVCBQUIV0. Retrieved 13 October 2008. 
  29. ↑ "The Times Top Universities 1999=The Times". http://www.indonesianembassy.org.uk/education_the_times_gug.html. Retrieved 2008-11-08. 
  30. ↑ "University ranking by institution". The Guardian (London). http://browse.guardian.co.uk/education?SearchBySubject=&FirstRow=10&SortOrderDirection=&SortOrderColumn=GuardianTeachingScore&Subject=University+ranking&Institution=. Retrieved 7 May 2008. 
  31. ↑ "University ranking by institution". The Guardian (London). http://browse.guardian.co.uk/education?SearchBySubject=&FirstRow=29&SortOrderDirection=&SortOrderColumn=GuardianTeachingScore&Subject=University+ranking&Institution=. Retrieved 29 October 2007. 
  32. ↑ "University ranking by institution". The Guardian (London). http://browse.guardian.co.uk/education/2006?SearchBySubject=&FirstRow=20&SortOrderDirection=&SortOrderColumn=GuardianTeachingScore&Subject=Institution-wide&Institution=. Retrieved 29 October 2007. 
  33. ↑ "University ranking by institution". The Guardian (London). http://education.guardian.co.uk/universityguide2005/table/0,,-5163901,00.html?start=40&index=3&index=3. Retrieved 29 October 2007. 
  34. ↑ "University ranking by institution 2004". The Guardian (London). http://education.guardian.co.uk/universityguide2004/table/0,,1222167,00.html. Retrieved 19 January 2009. 
  35. ↑ "University ranking by institution". The Guardian 2003 (University Guide 2004) (London). http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/unitable/0,,-4668575,00.html. Retrieved 9 April 2010. 
  36. ↑ "The Sunday Times Good University Guide 2008 League Tables". The Sunday Times (London). 13 September 2009. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/sunday_times_university_guide/article4768022.ece?token=null&offset=0&page=1. Retrieved 2008-10-03. 
  37. ↑ "The Sunday Times Good University Guide 2008 League Tables". The Sunday Times (London). http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/stug/universityguide.php. Retrieved 2007-11-03. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "The Sunday Times University League Table". The Sunday Times (London). http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/stug2006/stug2006.pdf. Retrieved 2007-11-03. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 39.5 39.6 "University ranking based on performance over 10 years" (PDF). London: Times Online. 2007. http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/pdfs/univ07ten.pdf. Retrieved 28 April 2008. 
  40. ↑ ="University league table". The Daily Telegraph (London). 30 July 2007. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=HXFCSGXMNVABTQFIQMFCFGGAVCBQYIV0?xml=/news/2007/07/30/ncambs430.xml. Retrieved 29 October 2007. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "The main league table 2009". The Independent (London). 24 April 2008. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/higher/the-main-league-table-2009-813839.html. Retrieved 11 April 2008. 
  42. ↑ "The FT 2003 University ranking". Financial Times 2003. http://www.grb.uk.com/448.0.html?cHash=5015838e9d&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=9&tx_ttnews%5Buid%5D=9. 
  43. ↑ "FT league table 2001". FT league tables 2001. http://specials.ft.com/universities2001/FT3HLLAN6LC.html. 
  44. ↑ "FT league table 1999-2000". FT league tables 1999-2000. http://specials.ft.com/ln/ftsurveys/industry/pdf/top100table.pdf. 
  45. ↑ "FT league table 2000". FT league tables 2000. http://specials.ft.com/ln/ftsurveys/industry/scbbbe.htm. 
  46. ↑ http://peopleandplanet.org/gogreen/greenleague2008
  47. ↑ http://peopleandplanet.org/gogreen/greenleague2007/table
  48. ↑ http://peopleandplanet.org/gogreen/greenleague2008/methodology
  49. ↑ "PowerDown". 23 October 2008. http://pcwww.liv.ac.uk/powerdown/. Retrieved 23 October 2008. 
  50. ↑ "University of Liverpool save estimated £70 per PC". 23 October 2008. http://www.datasynergy.co.uk/casestudies.aspx. Retrieved 23 October 2008. 
  51. ↑ University of Liverpool Condor Project
  52. ↑ University of Liverpool case study with Data Synergy PowerMAN software
  53. ↑ http://www.bucs.org.uk/
  54. ↑ http://www.liv.ac.uk/sports/clubs/christie.htm

Further reading

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